Auto Transformer
Auto Transformer is a transformer in which both primary and secondary side share same single winding i.e. one single winding is used as primary winding as well as secondary winding.
Here bc is called the common winding as it is shared by both primary and secondary sides. ab is called the series winding as it is in series with common winding.
Step Down Auto Transformer
Here
And when load is connected,
CVR is the ratio of voltages in primary and secondary circuits
Step Up Auto Transformer
All the calculations are same as in step down transformer, just the directions of currents change.
Saving in Conductor Material
As auto transformer uses single winding, it uses less matrial i.e. Copper in comparison to two winding transformers. To determine saving of Copper, we calculate weight of copper used.
Now the weight of copper used depends upon :
Current : because the flow of current depends upon the area of cross section of the turns of the winding. So larger the current means larger the area which in turn means more amount of Copper used
Number of Turns : larger the number of turns means more amount of Copper used.
For two winding transformer,
Weight of primary winding
Weight of secondary winding
Total Weight of Copper used
Weight of Copper in auto transformer
Advantages and Disdvantages
Due to single winding, it has lot of advantages when compared with 2 winding transformer and some disadvantages as well.
Advantages
a) In 2 winding transformer, transfer of energy occurs with the help of mutual induction only, but in auto transformer, due to single winding, energy transfer occurs through mutual induction as well as conduction of current.
b) Due to single winding, less material is used.
c) Due to single winding, leakage flux is very low.
d) Due to single winding, secondary winding resistance is very low.
e) It is of small size when compared to 2 winding transformer.
Disdvantages
a) If by mistake, the secondary side is open i.e. not connected to the winding, then all the high voltage will be transferred to the load, thus damaging the load.
b) Due to low impedance, an increase in short circuit current will damage the load.
Applications
a) In large power systems
b) In laborateries as variable transformer
c) Synchronous motor and induction motor are not self-starting, so it is used as a starter.